Scientific change
Science progresses by correcting, extending and sometimes replacing earlier descriptions while preserving the results that remain valid in their domain.
ApproximationOlder theories can remain excellent approximations within limited regimes.
GeneralizationA new theory may include the old theory as a limiting case.
AnomaliesPersistent unexplained observations can motivate conceptual change.
Open criticismScientific progress depends on the ability to question assumptions and check claims without relying on authority alone.